Rust on Dreamcast

Rust is a systems programming language rising in popularity which emphasizes memory safety and performance. Due to its performance and ability to operating at a low level, it is an ideal candidate for running on the Dreamcast. Doing so presents a bit of a challenge, however, as the official Rust compiler is based on the LLVM toolchain infrastructure, which does not support the Dreamcast CPU's SuperH architecture. Dreamcast programming is instead done with GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection. There are currently two viable solutions to this challenge:

• rustc_codegen_gcc: A libgccjit-based codegen backend for rustc (preferred method)
• gccrs: a Rust frontend for GCC

Neither solution is complete at this time, and both are under active development. Using them on the Dreamcast should be considered experimental. rustc_codegen_gcc is quite further along, however, and is usable with some patience with limitations and rapid change. libcore and liballoc work, and KallistiOS bindings are planned. On the other hand, gccrs can compile for Dreamcast, but is in a very early stage, with much of the language unimplemented and no libcore support.

rustc_codegen_gcc

With rustc_codegen_gcc, we can interface the standard rustc compiler frontend with libgccjit, a GCC code-generation API. With the help of the Rust-for-Dreamcast repo and the kos-rust crate containing KallistiOS bindings, we can set up rustc_codegen_gcc to compile Rust programs with core and alloc support (but not the entirety of std). Rust-for-Dreamcast includes wrapper scripts to invoke rustc and cargo tools in a familiar way. The familiar borrow checker still works, and one can import and use no_std crates. Despite this support, rustc_codegen_gcc is still in active development, so if using such a setup, expect that things may change rapidly over time. See the rustc_codegen_gcc progress reports for more information.

We will build rustc_codegen_gcc support for the Dreamcast in the instructions below. Before we begin, though:

• You must already have a KallistiOS development environment set up. This means you have created a cross-compiling toolchain for SH4 and you have built KallistiOS with it. See Getting Started with Dreamcast development for more information.
  • For the purposes of this guide, we will assume you are using the standard paths for Dreamcast development tools; i.e. your environment is set up in /opt/toolchains/dc.
  • Your KallistiOS installation will need its floating point precision setting set to m4-single. This setting is available in the environ.sh, but changing the setting may require you to rebuild your main toolchain if you have not built it with m4-single support. Once you modify the setting in your environ.sh and re-source the environ.sh, you'll need to rebuild KallistiOS for the changes to take effect.
• You must already have a relatively up-to-date Rust installation, either using your operating system's package manager or rustup.

Building a cross-compiling libgccjit.so for rustc_codegen_gcc

Before we can use rustc_codegen_gcc, we must compile libgccjit.so, the libgccjit library, for your system. This entails building a unique copy of the SH4 toolchain in its own directory under /opt/toolchains/dc/rust, using a forked version of GCC with enhancements made to libgccjit.

We will first clone the rust-for-dreamcast repository, which contains various supporting files needed to create Rust support for Dreamcast. Using git, clone the rust-for-dreamcast repository to /opt/toolchains/dc/rust:

git clone https://github.com/darcagn/rust-for-dreamcast /opt/toolchains/dc/rust

Enter your KallistiOS installation's dc-chain directory:

cd /opt/toolchains/dc/kos/utils/dc-chain

Clear out any existing build files:

make clean-keep-archives

Copy the necessary toolchain patches to your dc-chain setup:

cp /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/toolchain/*.diff patches/

Copy the rustc_codegen_gcc configuration file into place:

cp /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/toolchain/config.mk.rustc_codegen_gcc.sample config.mk

Make any desired changes to the configuration (e.g., change makejobs=-j2 to the number of CPU threads you'd like to use during compilation), and then compile the SH4 toolchain:

make build-sh4

When this command is completed successfully, a libgccjit.so will be installed to /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/sh-elf/lib/libgccjit.so.

Building rustc_codegen_gcc

The rust-for-dreamcast repository contains scripts and wrappers to assist you in building rustc_codegen_gcc and using it in conjunction with cargo and rustc. We'll need to add the path to those scripts to our PATH environment variable:

export PATH="/opt/toolchains/dc/rust/bin:$PATH"

You may also want to add the above lines to your shell's startup file or else you'll need to run them every time you open a new shell.

Clone the rustc_codegen_gcc to your rust directory:

git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rustc_codegen_gcc.git /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/rustc_codegen_gcc

Set the gcc_path file to the location of our libgccjit.so library file:

echo /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/sh-elf/lib > /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/rustc_codegen_gcc/gcc_path

Various patches need to be applied to rustc_codegen_gcc for it to compile properly for our target platform. Let's apply them:

rcg-dc patch

Now let's build rustc_codegen_gcc!

rcg-dc prepare
rcg-dc build

If all went well, rustc_codegen_gcc will have built successfully. You'll be able to invoke rcg-dc to manage the rustc_codgen_gcc for Dreamcast installation, and you'll be able to invoke rustc for Dreamcast through a wrapper script command rustc-dc, and likewise with cargo and its wrapper cargo-dc.

Compiling individual modules into object files with rustc

rustc-dc generates .o object files with rustc for inclusion in a KallistiOS Makefile-based project. If we assume the module file is named example.rs, you'll need to add example.o as an object file in your Makefile's OBJS = declaration. Additionally, you'll need to add the following lines so that make knows how to compile Rust modules into .o object files:

%.o: %.rs
	rustc-dc $< -o $@

Alternatively, you can add those lines to your KallistiOS Makefile.rules file to avoid having to place it in every project's Makefile.

An example "Hello, world!" program built in this style which also demonstrates basic C interoperation is included with the Rust-for-Dreamcast repository, located at examples/rustc-hello.

Creating a new project using Cargo

cargo-dc simplifies invoking cargo and creating Dreamcast crates. When using cargo in this setup, we will need to compile our program and all crate code into a static library .a file, and link it with a KallistiOS trampoline function to start the Rust code. Your Rust code will start with the function you specify as rust_main(). Once you cargo-dc build your Dreamcast code into a .a file, use cargo-dc link to automatically link it with this KallistiOS trampoline function and generate an ELF file. Instructions to do this follow.

First, let's clone the kos-rs repo:

git clone https://github.com/darcagn/kos-rs /opt/toolchains/dc/rust/kos-rs

Create a new crate using cargo-dc:

cargo-dc new example --lib

Change the crate to a static library in Cargo.toml by changing the crate-type as follows:

crate-type = ["staticlib"]

Add the kos-rs crate to your Cargo.toml file:

[dependencies]
kos = { package = "kos-rs",  path = "/opt/toolchains/dc/rust/kos-rs" }

Add the following function to your crate's src/lib.rs file:

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn rust_main(_argc: i32, _argv: *const u8) -> i32 {
    [...]
    return 0;
}

The rust_main() function will serve as the entry point to your Rust code.

An example "Hello, world!" style program built using kos-rs and cargo-dc is included with the Rust-for-Dreamcast repository, located at examples/cargo-hello. Type cargo-dc build to build the project, then cargo-dc link to link against KallistiOS and generate a cargo-hello.elf. Make sure you have your KallistiOS environ.sh sourced in your terminal before running the link command.

Integrating a Cargo project with a KallistiOS project

We can also build a crate based on kos-rs and integrate the Rust code with other C code and KOS libraries. An example rotating 3D cube program built using kos-rs and cargo-dc combined with a Makefile-based KallistiOS project is included with the Rust-for-Dreamcast repository, located at examples/rust_cube. Type cargo-dc build to build the project, then invoke make to build the KallistiOS project and link the Rust code within it.

gccrs

gccrs implements a new Rust compiler frontend for GCC. This essentially means creating a separate new Rust compiler from the ground up using the GCC toolchain infrastructure. This project is in early stages and is targeting the Rust 1.49 revision from December 2020. As of this writing (February 2024), it is not yet able to compile Rust's libcore, so many basic language features are unimplemented or not functional. Additionally, Rust standard tooling like cargo is not available. Borrow checking is not implemented, but the project plans to later use the next-generation Rust borrow checker Polonius from the official Rust project.

It is possible to use this compiler by building the GCC 14.0.1-dev toolchain or the gccrs latest toolchain. GCC 14.0.1-dev will get you the latest code upstreamed by the gccrs team into the main development branch of GCC, while the gccrs git repo will get you the absolute latest bleeding edge updates to gccrs. The GCC 14.0.1-dev configuration file is available within the official KallistiOS repo's dc-chain script, while the latest gccrs configuration is available within the Rust for Dreamcast repository. Brief instructions follow for setting up the latest gccrs toolchain. See Getting Started with Dreamcast development for more detailed information on how to set up and run dc-chain.

Building a gccrs-enabled toolchain

Follow the Getting Started with Dreamcast development guide for creating a Dreamcast toolchain until you arrive at the instructions for setting up the dc-chain configuration file. At this point, you should have a shell open to /opt/toolchains/dc/kos/utils/dc-chain.

Clone the Rust for Dreamcast repository:

git clone https://github.com/darcagn/rust-for-dreamcast.git rust

Copy the GCC patch in place:

cp rust/toolchain/gcc-rs-kos.diff patches/

Copy the dc-chain configuration file into place:

cp rust/toolchain/config.mk.gccrs.sample config.mk

Make any desired changes to the configuration (e.g., change makejobs=-j2 to the number of CPU threads you'd like to use during compilation). Note that to avoid conflicting with an existing stable toolchain at the default path (i.e. /opt/toolchains/dc/sh-elf), we will be installing to /opt/toolchains/dc/gccrs/sh-elf instead. To begin compilation and installation, run:

make build-sh4

After building everything, you can clean up the extraneous files in your dc-chain directory by entering:

make clean

Setting up Makefiles to compile Rust modules

As mentioned before, cargo is not available to use with gccrs, so for our example, we will place our .rs modules within a typical KallistiOS Makefile project. If we assume the module file is named example.rs, you'll need to add example.rox as an object file in your Makefile's OBJS = declaration. Additionally, you'll need to add the following lines so that make knows how to compile Rust modules into rox object files:

%.rox: %.rs
	kos-cc -frust-incomplete-and-experimental-compiler-do-not-use $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@

Alternatively, you can add those lines to your KallistiOS Makefile.rules file to avoid having to place it in every project's Makefile.

In your example.rs file, your main function will need to be declared like so:.

#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn main() -> i32 {
    [...]
}

Make sure before you compile your code that you set export KOS_CC_BASE="/opt/toolchains/dc/gccrs/sh-elf" in your KallistiOS environ.sh file or make will not find your gccrs compiler executable.